Public key cryptography has developed into a crucial aspect of the digital communication infrastructure in all over the world during the past three decades. Mobile phones, internet shopping, social networks, and cloud computing are only just a few of the numerous applications supported by these networks which are of the utmost importance to our economy, security, and way of life.

The ability of people, organizations, and governments to communicate securely is crucial in such a connected world. Since there are currently no quantum computers that can perform Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms on long keys, the quantum threat is only theoretical at this time. However, it is clear that current cryptosystems like RSA, ECDSA, ECDH, and DSA will need to be replaced by post-quantum cryptography (PQC) as soon as possible.